We develops compression technologies optimized not for human perception, but for machine vision models (detection, segmentation, classification, etc.) — and for frameworks that serve both simultaneously.
Rather than compressing pixels, FCM compresses intermediate feature maps extracted by neural networks. In a split inference pipeline, an edge device runs the front-end layers of a vision model, compresses the resulting features, and transmits them to a server that completes the task.
Our team has been a core contributor to the MPEG-FCM international standard (MPEG-AI) since its inception, attending every MPEG plenary and submitting proposals that have been adopted across ten successive Feature Coding Test Model (FCTM) versions.
A single bitstream that serves both human viewers and machine vision pipelines. Rather than compressing twice (simulcast), a unified codec delivers visual quality for human consumption while preserving task-critical information for AI models. We are coordinating a joint MPEG WG2 contribution with international partners to drive this toward a new international standard.

We are core contributors to ISO/IEC 23088-2 (MPEG Feature Coding for Machines), the international standard for compressing neural network feature maps in split inference pipelines.
Since the standard’s inception, our proposals have been adopted across 10 FCTM versions — including L-MSFCv2, lightFCTM, PWD, and NN Inner Codec — advancing the test model from v1.0 to the current v9.0. We attend every MPEG plenary meeting, contributing technical proposals, cross-check evaluations, and editor-level contributions to the normative standard text.
We are pioneering hybrid vision coding — a compression framework that delivers both human-viewable reconstruction and machine task performance from a single bitstream, without the overhead of simulcast (compressing twice for two pipelines).
Two interface paradigms are under investigation:
Feature-Input (FCM extension): Machine vision uses decoded features directly; a lightweight human decoder reconstructs a viewable image from the same features.
Image-Input: Shared information is disentangled and recombined to serve both vision and reconstruction paths with high efficiency.
We are coordinating a joint contribution to MPEG WG2 (October 2026) with international partners (KHU, ZJU, SFU) to formally define use cases, requirements, and common test conditions — and to propose an official Exploration Experiment, the first formal step toward a new international standard for hybrid vision coding.
| Title | Venue | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Container] [FCM] Description on CE 3 | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container] [FCM] FCTM Algorithm Description | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container] [FCM] FCTM Algorithm Description | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container] CE4 description | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container] FE1 description | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container] FE2 description | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container] Preliminary WD for FCM | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container] Training Description | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container][FCM] CE4 description | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container][FCM] FE1 description | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container][FCM] FE2 description | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container][FCM] Training Description | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [Container][FCM] Training Description | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] Applying update-flag (m73365) on CE4.3 TCFC (m73580) | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] CE 3.1: Anchor Generation | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] CE 3.1: Anchor Generation | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] CE 3.1: Results on L-MSFC-v2 extension for inter coding | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] CE1.1.4: LightFCTM | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] CE3 summary report | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] CE3 summary report | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] CE4 summary report | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] CE4 summary report | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] Clarifications on the feature unpacking process in both PWD and reference software | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] Clarifications regarding the current PWD | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] Crosscheck Result for CE 1.1.3 | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] Crosscheck Result for m71200 | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] Editorial comments on preliminary WD | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] FCTM anchor candidate experiment | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] FE1 summary report | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] FE2 summary report | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] FE2 summary report | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM] Proposal on CTTC and Anchor for NN-based Coding Mode | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][CE4] Summary report | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][CTTC/FE2] Removing Kimono and Cactus sequence as mandatory test conditions | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][FE1] Performance Evaluation of FCTMv5 Trained with the FE1.1 Training Code | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][FE1] Results for training reproducibility experiment from KHU | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][FE1] Summary report | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][FE2] Crosscheck for FE2 Study3 m72212 | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][FE2] Crosscheck result for Study1 remote inference | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][FE2] Crosscheck result for Study2 remote and split inference | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][FE2] Partial results for Study1 split-inference anchor for YOLOX-DarkNet53 with L13 and L37 split point | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][FE2] Preliminary Anchor Results for FE2 Study 1 and 2 | 149th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][FE2] Summary report | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][PWD] Issues and solutions for signalling of refinement and channel removal parameters | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][PWD] Removing restoration bypass flag and improving description for default topology | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][PWD] Software implementation and BD-rate results for m72608 (Signalling improvement and bug fix for reduced feature inverse normalization) | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][PWD] Software implementation for automatic composition for default topology | 151th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| [FCM][PWD]Signalling improvement and bug fix for reduced feature inverse normalization | 150th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2025 | |
| FCTM 6.0의 신경망 기반 특징맵 변환 기술 분석 | 방송공학회논문지 | 2025 | DOI |
| [Container] [FCM] Description on CE 3 | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [Container] [FCM] FCTM Algorithm Description | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [Container][FCM] CE4 description | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [Container][FCM] Description on FE3 | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [Container][FCM] FE1 description | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [Container][FCM] FE2 description | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [Container][FCM] PWD for FCM | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [Container][FCM] Training Description | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [FCM] CE 1.1.8. L-MSFC-v2 with fine-tuning | 145th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [FCM] CE 3.1: Results on L-MSFC-v2 extension for inter coding | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [FCM] CE 3.2.2 L-MSFC-v2 | 145th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [FCM] CE3 summary report | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [FCM] Crosscheck of m69985 (CE 3.2: Machine Saliency Compression Based on Temporal Single Input for Multiple Output Architecture) | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [FCM] Crosscheck of m70057 (CE4 related: Non-linear feature transform) | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [FCM] FE3: Summary report | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| [FCM] KMAC/pixel calculation for FCTM | 148th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2024 | |
| FCM 을 위한 정규화된 융합 특징맵 부호화 | 2024년 한국방송·미디어공학회 하계학술대회 | 2024 | |
| MPEG FCM 테스트 모델에 대한 시간적 재 표본화 적용 및 성능 분석 | 방송공학회논문지 | 2024 | DOI |
| 기계비전을 위한 특징맵 압축 표준화 요구사항 및 실험조건 | 2024년 한국방송·미디어공학회 하계학술대회 | 2024 | |
| 다중 해상도 특징맵의 효율적 부호화 방안 | 2024년 한국방송·미디어공학회 하계학술대회 | 2024 | |
| 단일 구조로 다중 비전 모델을 지원하기 위한 FCM 인터페이스 단일화 | 2024년 한국방송·미디어공학회 하계학술대회 | 2024 | |
| [FCVCM] E2E approach : Extension of L-MSFC-v2 Intra (m65200) for inter frame coding | 144th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2023 | |
| [FCVCM] Hybrid codec approach : Combination of L-MSFC-v2 Intra (m65200) with VVC | 144th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2023 | |
| [FCVCM] Inter-Layer Feature Resizing for FCVCM | 143th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2023 | |
| [FCVCM] L-MSFC: End-to-End Learnable Multi-Scale Feature Compression | 143th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2023 | |
| [FCVCM] Pareto-fronting with Multiple Inter-Layer Feature Resizing Modes | 143th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2023 | |
| [FCVCM] Response to FCVCM Call for Proposal from Kyung Hee University and ETRI | 144th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2023 | |
| [VCM track 1] [Crosscheck] Crosscheck report on m59576 | 140th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2023 | |
| [VCM Track 1] Crosscheck report on m60799 | 138th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 MPEG | 2023 | |
| A Super-Resolution-Based Feature Map Compression for Machine-Oriented Video Coding | Access | 2023 | DOI |
| End-to-End Learnable Multi-Scale Feature Copression for VCM | Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology | 2023 | DOI |
| MEDO: Minimizing Effective Distortions Only for Machine-Oriented Visual Feature Compression | IEEE International Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing | 2023 | |
| VVC와 특징맵 융합/재구성 신경망을 이용한 다중 스케일 특징맵 압축 기법 | 2023년 한국방송·미디어공학회 하계학술대회 | 2023 | |
| 다중 작업 지원을 위한 배치 병합 학습 기반의 특징맵 압축 방법 | 2023년 대한전자공학회 하계학술대회 논문집 | 2023 | |
| 블록 기반 특징맵 크기 조정을 이용한 DNN 특징맵 압축 | 한국방송·미디어공학회 2022 하계학술대회 | 2022 | |
| An Analysis on the Properties of Features against Various Distortions in Deep Neural Networks | 방송공학회논문지 | 2021 | DOI |
| VCM Anchor 성능 평가 및 분석 | 제30회 신호처리 합동학술대회 | 2020 | |
| VCM 구조 분석 및 VVC 기반 Feature 부호화 성능 분석 | 제30회 신호처리 합동학술대회 | 2020 |